The New Monuments of Man

The new monuments of man will not be built of stone and steel. Their columns will be made of code, and their vast murals, nothing more than pixels on a screen.

From the pyramids of Giza to the skyscrapers of today, grandiose monuments have arisen wherever population amasses. There are more humans and more advanced technology in the world today than any point in previous history. But how will this shape the great works that will come to define our era? Will we merely improve upon what was started long ago in Babylon, or does today herald the birth of a new form of monument?

In China, megalopolises have sprung up from the earth in a handful of years. The benefits of technology will soon be placed at an unprecedented number of fingertips in every corner of the world. With metropolitan areas reaching populations in the tens of millions, one cannot help but wonder about the fantastical monuments that these cities could build.

But there is a place where population will soon be measured in billions rather than millions. It is a place that is neither here nor there, but everywhere. It is the world of cyberspace.

Game Development: A Monumental Task

The impetus behind monument building has not only found its way into modern art, embodied by enormous sculptures, it has given rise to Hollywood's blockbusters and more recently to blockbuster games.

While the budgets for big films typically exceed 100 million US dollars, “blockbuster” games cost far less. Uncharted 2’s budget was a mere 20 million, while GTA IV broke records with its 100 million dollar budget. But this may all be about to change with the continued progression of one type of game in particular: the MMOG (Massively Multiplayer Online Game).

At the 2008 Goldman Sachs Technology Investment Symposium, Activison’s CEO, Bobby Kotick, said that even with a “USD 500 million or billion-dollar investment,” he didn’t think his company could produce a game to compete with their own flagship title, World of Warcraft. This may sound like a preposterous claim, but when you consider the sheer numbers behind WoW, his statement seems far less outlandish.

Although I don’t believe that a budget of that size is required to produce a game which can engage players as well as WoW, MMOs are expected to produce around 11 billion in revenues during 2009, making the potential for games of this magnitude an increasing possibility.

If Khufu had a game made, it would be an MMOG

If World of Warcraft were a pyramid, what size would it be? If we were to arbitrarily compare every 100 lines of code, out of WoW's 5.5 million, to blocks of sandstone, the pyramid they'd form would only stand 65 steps high, compared to the 201 of Khufu's. Granted that code is only one aspect of a game, but the number of the pyramid's steps are just one of its many amazing features as well. And even though this comparison doesn't consider WoW's 1.5 million art assets, its 1.3 petabytes of storage, or 11 million gamers, it's still safe to say that the industry has a long way to go before its accomplishments can rival the Great Pyramids of Giza.

What would constitute a "monumental" game?

You can certainly make the argument that certain smaller-scale works of art are monuments of their own, and that quality can make a work stand taller than quantity. Yet, in the case of most monuments, the safest bet is to build it bigger.

You may then find yourself asking, "how much bigger do the worlds of MMOGs need to get?" and, "do they even need to be bigger?" Perhaps the trick is to build them up rather than out, or taller instead of wider. Regardless of your choice in words, this implies packing more into less.

The environments in MMOs and other free-roaming games can seem quite vast. But, much like in reality, these expanses can be full of a whole lot of nothing. What if we were to take the scale and "width" of an MMO's world and fill it with the same meticulous detail applied to the level design in Uncharted 2? The resulting game would be the nearest man has come to building a fully-articulated, entirely new world -- a truly monumental endeavor. But how much would a game like this cost to make? Would Kotick's prediction suffice?

Living in the shadow of the monument

What will happen to games that are built to current scale? They will likely find themselves dwarfed, but not eclipsed. Just as smaller games coexist with larger ones today, the games of tomorrow may find themselves adjusting to the presence of this new category of mega-games.

It may also be interesting to see if there will be an increase in the inner-connectivity between games. Currently, the only thing that follows players across most games is the gamer score, which is merely a sum of trophies and accomplishments. But some developers are beginning to take a closer look at the possibility for a greater carryover from other games. Mass Effect 2, for instance, will allow players to load their saved games from its prequel, which will affect elements of the plot within the new game.

Smaller games may find themselves needing to network their efforts in order to provide the same depth of experience as their monumental counterparts, but it is more likely that consumers will merely learn to trend their expectations as they have with movies since the late 70s.

Learning the Language of Gameplay

Language is our primary form of communication, but there are many other ways to communicate. Every component of a game is capable of conveying information to the player, and gameplay is certainly no exception.

As players follow the story, listen to the audio, and watch for visual cues, they are also assimilating the rules of the game. Some of these rules are stated explicitly, but most are implicitly derived through experience and interaction.

The Contract

The initial stages of gameplay can be very much like reading a contract. Players are in effect entering an agreement with the designer on what to expect for the duration of the game. Features can be introduced later on, but unless the intent is to blindside players with new elements of gameplay, further mechanics should be within established parameters and tone of the game.

In this way, even outrageous inclusions can seem "within the scope of the game," such as with Arkham Asylum's 4^th-wall-breaking sequence or Snake's Metal Gear Solid 1 dream sequence in MGS4. They break the flow of the game and stand out as unique elements, but seem within the realm of established possibilities. This is accomplished through the precedents set by initial play. In the case of Metal Gear, the first cut scene in the game features a barrage of off-the-wall sequences, even including a mock-cooking show, which gets the player ready for things to come.

Every experience can expand what players will expect from the game henceforth. Even small details can have a huge impact on how a player perceives the game.

Spikes and Colored Tiles

Unspoken languages have developed throughout the various genre of games, replete with standardized rules and norms. For instance, while differently colored tiles in a puzzle game are usually things that must be associated or lined up in some way, in an adventure game, they are typically either switches or traps. The inclusion of a single trap tile during initial stages is likely to make a player carefully observe the ground for the duration of the game.

Tiny holes on the ground are a telltale signs of a spike trap. Just as with the tiles, a single spike trap can change the way a player will approach new areas throughout the game -- unless the setting is changed in such a way that the mechanic no longer applies.

The progression through levels is normally an additive process of gameplay mechanics such as these. Towards the end of a game, a player might be watching the floors for spikes, the walls for fire-breathing masks, and the ceiling for loose rocks that will collapse as they pass beneath. All of these rules have normally been learned implicitly through experience.

This is not so different from the way we acquire language, learning nouns, verbs, sentence structure, and then putting it all together in progressively more complex ways.

Tokenizing Data

Humans have a need to break down the stream of incoming information into smaller components, or tokens. In language these can be words, sentences, and even paragraphs. The same principles can be applied to gameplay.

The overall experience may determine whether or not we enjoy a game, but learning the game happens in smaller packets. As with the previous example, a player doesn’t need to play through an entire game to determine that colored tiles can be switches or traps. A single exposure to this mechanism is all it takes.

We are as toddlers again when we enter the world of a new game, whose rules can be radically different from reality. Luckily, cyber worlds are far less complicated than reality, and there is a lot less to learn.

A seasoned player will try to isolate the information that is most important to the game's mechanisms. If the game features a stealth engine, what factors determine whether or not I will be spotted? Is it just line-of-sight? Does sound matter? What about lighting conditions or the clothes I'm wearing in relation to my surroundings? All of these things matter in real life, but they do not necessarily matter to a game. Furthermore, exactly how they matter is important. They are limited models and can therefore be manipulated in ways that don't correlate to reality. A cunning player will sift through the many cues offered by the game to understand how to best take advantage of its limitations.

The Common Rules of Editing

All this communication between the game and the player is achieved through gameplay. Players crave this sort of communication and in order for it to be effective it must be clear and concise. The fuzzier the gameplay is, the harder time a player will have tokenizing the information it presents and the more frustrating it will be.

As with writing, extraneous mechanisms of gameplay can detract from its meaning rather than add. This is not to say that games should be made as short as possible, but rather that the repertoire of their gameplay should be as concise as possible. This will offer players a more cohesive and inviting experience.

Uncharted 2 and Brutal Legend

One of the greatest aspects of Uncharted 2: Among Thieves is that the player basically learns all of the game's simple mechanics during the first mission. You can run, jump, climb, shoot, sneak, and brawl, occasionally flipping a switch or boosting your buddy over a wall. The richness of the game develops not from the rampant introduction of new abilities, but rather how those abilities are elegantly employed.

On the other hand there's Brutal Legend, which combines a beat 'em up adventure game with a real-time strategy game and a driving game. The resulting odd mix of genres has been one of its players' biggest complaints. Rampantly throwing new mechanics at the player can not only overwhelm them, but it can prevent them from mastering previous mechanics, which is something that many players enjoy.

I'm with Stupid

While it's important to design with the player's possible stupidity in mind, let's not forget that we as designers are not immune to acts of stupidity. Mark Acero correctly warns that games should explicitly teach new abilities to the player as they acquire them so that they can spend less time "trying to figure out what the developers wanted [them] to do," and more time actually "enjoying the game."

A common pitfall of creators is to assume that their audience will think like them and know what they know. A game mechanic that seems perfectly logical to you could seem obtuse to others. It has little to do with intellect or poor decision making. It has more to do with difference in experience and knowledge.

Which brings us to this article's conclusion.

Brain Crutch

How many times have we seen the following descriptions included with difficulty levels?

Easy - "I've never played fighting games before."

Normal - "I've played fighting games before, and I'm ready for a challenge."

Hard - "I'm a master of fighting games. Bring it on!"

Generally, choosing one setting or the next will increase the damage enemies deal, make them harder to kill, and lower the player's hit points or continues, lives, etc. But how often does the difficulty setting affect the learning process? I'm not talking about a tutorial that can be skipped. I'm referring to the guidance the game offers you as you progress.

Recently, Nintendo has developed a system, The Super Guide, that takes in-game help to new extremes, actually solving puzzles or beating levels for the player. Many have voiced the concern that this guide will diminish the legitimacy of challenges presented by games, but when you consider it as a "very very easy" setting, its true purpose and potential is revealed. People who'd use this system are the type that would select a difficulty setting whose description read: "I don't play video games often, and when I do it's just for fun."

The Super Guide not only changes the way a player learns gameplay, but how much of the gameplay they must learn and to what extent they must learn it. But it is only effective for the lowest end of difficulty. What about the rest of the levels?

Explanations that are crucial for inexperienced players may seem trivial to veterans. This is particularly true in MMORPGs, whose tutorials typically begin with "use W-A-S-D to move." Upon reading this, most players may be encouraged to turn the tutorial off. Although they will be spared of many trivial lessons, they will also miss those that explain whatever new mechanics the game may offer to the genre.

Furthermore, learning an MMOG is an ongoing experience. Characters can gain new skills months and months after their creation, many of which may be difficult to understand. This is why I believe that games, and in particular MMORPGs, should have tutorials or learning aids that are tailored to the player's previous experiences.

This means that Easy, Normal, and Hard won't just make the enemies harder to beat, but will actually change how implicitly or explicitly a player will learn how to play. This system works even if player begin with Easy and work their way up to hard, requiring less and less help upon every pass at the game.